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TE Connectivity Trend Paper /// Connectivity for Next-Generation Mobility Page 5 Connectivity for Next-Generation Mobility of the growth occurring in Asia and Africa. VI) This means that car own- ership and usage will become ever less convenient and affordable in congested areas. 2.4 Five Key Technological Advances The development of this next gen- eration of vehicles is being driven by five key technological advances: 1) The ability to collect and ana- lyze data from sensors in cars, as well as from specialized data service providers such as digital mapping companies. 2) Cheaper computing power and storage capacity, which is now available in vehicles, smart- phones, and the cloud. 3) Ubiquitous broadband Internet, which is available through Wi-Fi, 4G, and (soon) 5G connectivity. 4) Increased energy capacity and the potential for reduced charging time from new, faster- charging infrastructure. 5) Third-wave AI technologies, such as deep learning combined with big data. These technolo- gies are at the core of intelligent autonomous systems that auto- mate a growing set of well-de- fined tasks. They enable vehicles to perform tasks, while achieving error rates that are as low as those associated with humans who do the same tasks. 2.5 Evolving Value Chains Influenced by the above factors, in- dustry participants are creating a new transportation ecosystem with- in the mobility value chain. Tradi- tionally, the mobility value chain has consisted of three layers: the vehicle architecture and system, devices and systems, and components. (See Fig- ure 1 on page 4.) Companies in this new transporta- tion ecosystem layer are providing expertise in one or more of the fol- lowing areas: • Vehicle design and manufacturing • Big data acquisition, manage- ment, security, and analytics • Next-generation vehicle plat- forms • Passenger experience platform • Fleet operations Automotive OEMs have historically dominated the first layers of the val- ue chain, from components to car devices and systems. However, new vehicle fleet operating companies (FOCs) will increasingly compete with OEMs in the transportation eco- system layer. As consumers choose MaaS instead of owning cars, FOCs are in a prime position to grow business. They can use analytics to understand, antici- pate, and address consumers' trans- portation and logistics needs. In ad- dition, they control the fleet vehicles providing the transportation and lo- gistics solutions. With deep customer insights, FOCs are likely to demand increasing con- trol over platforms that define the overall vehicle design and enable the provision of on-demand mobil- ity services. While the new value chain layer is not expected to replace OEMs and car manufacturers for the foreseeable future, it is very likely to disrupt and alter how these industry players work and collaborate in ma- jor ways. Let's turn our attention now from MaaS to changes in car architectur- al design. 3. Impacts on Vehicle Architectural Design Put simply, next-generation vehicle architectural design can likely be characterized as supporting a ma- chine running on two types of fuel: electricity and data. 3.1 Software-Driven Architectures Traditional vehicle architectures are designed from the bottom upwards in four core layers as shown below in Figure 2. However, as vehicles evolve towards Level 5 autonomous driving, they will create exponentially more data than today's ADAS systems. This data will be delivered and transmitted by an increasing number of sensors and external antennas that connect to other vehicles, the surrounding in- frastructure, and the cloud. Since many consumers won't own cars, MaaS businesses will use online Next-generation vehicles will run on two types of fuel – electricity and data. Figure 2: Automotive Architectural Design Layers