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The Road to Autonomous Driving Transforming Vision into Reality Page 5 TE AUTOMOTIVE /// Trend Paper | The Road to Autonomous Driving Navigating Global Rules and Regulations Safe and reliable technology is only one part of the solution. The other part is the legal framework that authorizes the operation of highly automated vehicles in day-to-day traffic. Legislation is currently being adapted to accommodate these new forms of mobility and address potential challenges. In a first step, the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which regulates basic traffic rules worldwide, has been amended by a new agreement. The amendment now allows vehicle systems to operate autonomously, provided they can be overridden or turned off by the driver at any time. As a result, several governments and administrations around the world have begun to permit autono- mous driving for testing purposes on public roads from dense cities to the open highways of the German Autobahn. In 2014, the Society of Automotive Engineers introduced a harmonized classification system (J3016) that defines six levels of autonomy once the driver decides to cede control. These levels define categories that range from vehicles where "the driver is in complete and sole control of the primary vehicle con- trols – brake, steering, throttle, and motive power – at all times" (Level 0) up to fully automated vehicles that can perform "all safety-critical driving functions and monitors roadway conditions for an entire trip" (Level 5), as depicted in Figure 1 below. 3 | SIX CONNECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS OF AUTONOMOUS DRIVING Piloted and highly autonomous driving present several key technical challenges. One of these challenges is the ability to handle and analyze enormous amounts of data. The increasing number of sensors both inside and outside the vehicle is one example. Another example is the sheer number of powerful com- puters processing high-level control functions and machine learning algorithms. In addition, the car will need to be able to process over-the-air (OTA) data streams for vehicle-to-back- end (V2B), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-user (V2U) and vehicle to communications infrastructure (V2C) reliably and instantaneously. These functions together can be called V2X. Figure 1: The levels of vehicle automation according to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)