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TE Connectivity White Paper /// V2X - An important building block in Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) Page 7 V2X – An important building block in Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) be transferred from the gateways to central high-performance comput- ers, on which the actual applications will be run. 3.3. V2X antenna architecture Another major challenge in vehicle ar- chitecture is the selection of suitable mounting sites for the V2X antennas. Figure 11 illustrates typical mounting areas on a passenger car. One pos- sible location is a central position in the shark fin antenna, often combined with an antenna integrated in the mir- ror base, or a combination of anten- nas in the vehicle's wing mirrors. Even though basically the system can be operated with just one an- tenna, usually two V2X antennas are mounted on the vehicle at the same time. Often at least one of them is equipped with a compensator for balancing power loss as described in Chapter 4.4. The use of two antennas ensures best possible all-round visibility (360° in the horizontal plane) and the required high transmission and reception performance. Unlike other radio communication services, V2X is designed to increase traffic safe- ty. To achieve this, the systems must be able to receive and send informa- tion from and into all directions. Even though the most important direc- tions are front and back, the vehicle's sides must also feature sufficient ra- dio coverage at all times. Blind spots are not acceptable. Defined minimum signal strength in all directions is another important prerequisite for a cooperative com- munication system designed to in- crease traffic safety. The 5.9 GHz frequency band used in V2X communication causes compar- atively high free space loss, reducing the system's range. In addition, the wavelength of approx. 5 cm in the context of the high frequency will generate considerable shading and interference, resulting in significant signal loss and reduced range. While an antenna mounted on a steel roof will still deliver a very good per- formance, a glass roof may cause significant changes in the direction- al characteristics. Roof railing and crowning may also have a major im- pact on system performance. Figure 12 shows different antenna diagrams and the expected minimum antenna gain (in yellow) in the various Fig. 8: Distributed V2X system Fig. 9: Distribution of software blocks in a distributed approach Fig. 10: Future vehicle architecture with high performance computers and zonal gateways